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NEW QUESTION 87
Which of the following are most likely to turn buying organisation into an unattractive customer in supplier's perspective? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Using SRM technology
- B. Adopting clear and concise CSR policies
- C. Unclear tender award criteria
- D. Demands for kickback
- E. Reduced paperwork in procurement processes
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
Becoming a preferred customerto supplier's perspective can increase the purchaser's leverage in negotiation.
Beside the size of buying organisation or its spend, the following may be sufficient to differentiate the buyer from other buying organisations:
Simple procurement processes: Using SRM technology may help to simplify the process Simple contracting processes Clear and concise documentation: Reduced paperwork helps both supplier and buyer save their time and resources.
Absence of onerous supplier terms and conditions
On-time payment
Transparent processes: Unclear tender award criteria can be seen as opaque. Suppliers who attended the tendering processes cannot know the reasons why their bids are rejected and hesitate to attend other tendering.
Ethical behaviour: Suppliers may prefer a buyer who adopts CSR policy because they can predict potential customer's behaviour. Demands for kickback are unethical behaviours.
NEW QUESTION 88
A procurement professional is preparing for anegotiation with supplier. She is setting targets for price which her company is seeking to achieve. Which of the following acronyms can help her identify limits before engaging in the negotiation?
- A. PPCA
- B. MIL
- C. RAQSCI
- D. TIMWOOD
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION 89
Which of the following are types of questions that are useful in opening and testing phases of a negotiation?
Select the TWO that apply.
- A. Open
- B. Narrow
- C. Closed
- D. Leading
- E. Probing
Answer: A,E
Explanation:
In the opening phase, parties should confirm understanding and get the issues on the table.
The testing phase is an information gathering stage where the hypothesis and assumption you have made in the planning stage can be tested or confirmed or disproved.
Opening questions (those that start with 'what', 'how', 'why') are used at the opening and testing stages to uncover needs and underlying motives, and to allow the buyer to get a feel of what is in store in the negotiation.
Probing questions are also useful to check that the supplier fully understand their offering, as well as your needs, and can also be used to communicate to the supplier that you know this category well. These questions are typically useful at the opening andtesting stages.
NEW QUESTION 90
In a commercial negotiation,a procurement professional believe that the larger the order quantity from buyer, the lower the supplier's average costs. Is this assumption true?
- A. No, because the supplier may need to invest in new facility to meet buyer's demand
- B. Yes, because larger order quantity will always enable the supplier to reach its economy of scale
- C. No, because supplier's average costs will rise as the buyer's demand increases
- D. Yes, because larger order quantity will bring a considerable profit to supplier
Answer: A
Explanation:
In some markets, suppliers experience peaks and troughs in demand and so buyers can increase their leverage through developing an understanding of how busy their vendor are at particular time during the year or business cycle and targetting atquieter period. Similarly, if a buyer can develop an understanding of supplier capacity and to what extent have they covered their fixed cost, they may be able to target suppliers when their average costs are likely to be lowest. Vendor's average costs will be higher at low and high capacity utilisation.
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NEW QUESTION 91
Which of the following should be done by the procurement team at the closing stage of a negotiation? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Accept ambiguity or uncertainty
- B. Gloat publicly about the deal
- C. Seek agreement in principle if TOP does not have the final authority
- D. Leave the meeting as soon as possible
- E. Tell TOP that they could have got a better deal
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
Explanation
The agreement and closingphase is the phase when it is either clear through explicit language, or strongly suggested through non-verbal signals, that TOP is ready to move to agreement. Judging when to close can be difficult and as with phases of the negotiation, experience, observation, practice and reflection will be the best ways to learn here.
In the closing phase, procurement should:
- Watch for closing/buying signals
- Check to ensure all issues have been resolved
- Consider using visual aids to summarise
- Use 'summary close'
- Make a decision to conclude/close
- Seek agreement in principle if TOP does not have the final authority
- Make your own private notes on the final agreement
- Shake hands on the agreement
- Leave the meeting as soon as possible thereafter.
LO 3, AC 3.1
NEW QUESTION 92
Under EU public procurement directives, which of the following are procedures in which there is no commercial negotiation allowed?
- A. Restricted Procedure
- B. Open Procedure
- C. Competitive Procedure with Negotiation
- D. Competitive Dialogue
- E. Innovation Partnerships
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
Explanation
Under the European Union public procurement directives, all public sector bodies must abide by certain rules when they procure goods and services over a threshold value. Theserules are codified under 5 procurement procedures:
1. Open Procedure
2. Restricted Procedure
3. Competitive Dialogue
4. Competitive Procedure with Negotiation
5. Innovation Partnerships.
Under normal circumstances, there is no commercialnegotiation allowed under the two most commonly used procedure, Open and Restricted. Under these procedures, the prices and terms and conditions of contract should be decided via reference only to the tenderers' responses to the buyer's requests for tenders, and not through 'post-tender negotiation'. Under the other procedure, negotiation within the rules is permitted.
Interested learners can read more about these procedures here.
LO 1, AC 1.1
NEW QUESTION 93
Collaborative approach in negotiation not only can fully satisfies the concerns of both, but also ensure that neither party will seek to be opportunistic in later time during the life of the contract. Is this statement true?
- A. Yes, because both parties have well understood each other's goals when they engage in collaborative negotiation
- B. No, because the parties will always find a compromise solution in integrative approach
- C. No, because any party may leverage its own advantage during the contract
- D. Yes, because all parties must have exactly the same goals in integrative negotiation
Answer: C
Explanation:
Integrative, interest-based negotiation can facilitate constructive, positive relationship and establish contracts between parties on a foundation of goodwill. It is important to note it can only facilitate these positive outcomes, it does not guarantee that the other party will not seek to be opportunistic at a later time during the life of the contract. Previous knowledge of the behaviours of the other party regarding honouring contractual and other commitments will be useful here in predicting long-term outcomes, not ensuring that they will not leverage their advantages.
NEW QUESTION 94
Leitax is a consumer electronics firm with headquarters in the US and with a global sales presence. The company maintains seven to nine models in its product portfolio, each of which has multiple SKUs. Product life ranges from fifteen to nine months and is getting shorter. The demand planning and master planning processes at the company were ill-defined. Data relevant to forecasting were usually inaccurate, incomplete, or unavailable and the lack of objectives and monitoring mechanisms for the demand planning process meant that process improvement could not be managed. Support for supply management was equally ill-defined, as master production schedules were sporadic and unreliable and suppliers had learned to mistrust them. Leitax's newly appointedSupply chain director, Jessica realises that the "buy-in" of different functional groups was critical to the improvement of demand planning. She invites relevant stakeholders to a meeting so that they can express their opinions openly. What tactic is Jessica using?
- A. Pressure
- B. Persuasion
- C. Coalition
- D. Consultation
Answer: C
Explanation:
There are nine commonly used influence tactic:
1. Rational persuasion includes using facts, data, and logical arguments to try to convince others that your point ofview is the best alternative. This is the most commonly applied influence tactic.
2. Legitimating
3. Personal appeals
4. Exchange
5. Ingratiation
6. Pressure refers to exerting undue influence on someone to do what you want or else something undesirable will occur.
7. Coalitions refer to a group of individuals working together toward a common goal to influence others.
8. Inspirational appeals
9. Consultation refers to the influence agent's asking others for help in directly influencing or planning to influence another person or group.
In the scenario, there is a problem with demand forecasting and supply chain planning in Leitax. The new Supply chain director invites the stakeholders to a meeting to find the solution. She is using coalition tactics.
NEW QUESTION 95
An experienced procurement professional is developing strategies for forthcoming negotiations with her key supplier. To avoid negotiation deadlocks, she identifies the reasons whynegotiations could fail. Which of the following are most likely to be reasons for negotiation failures? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Buyer helps to create a co-operative atmosphere
- B. Unachievable objectives were set up
- C. MIL objectives are well established
- D. Both parties focus on common interests
- E. Underlying interests of TOP are overlooked
Answer: B,E
Explanation:
It has been said that most negotiations are won (or lost) at the preparation stage. Success in a negotiation cannot be claimed unless you can refer back to your objectives and show how you have achieve them. In broad terms, negotiation plans/strategies involve 4 key activities:
1. Developing and prioritising your objectives and limits
2. Seeking to understand TOP's objectives
3. Developing concession plans
4. Planning the resources and logistics required and agreeing team roles.
Questions to gain an understanding of why a negotiation failed
Did we collect and make effective use of all information available when preparing for the negotiation?
Did we set objectives for the negotiation that were stretching and achievable and established MIL objectives?
Did we determine a strategy for the negotiation?
Did the other party understand our needs correctly?
Were we aware of the underlying interests of the other party?
Were our proposals convincing enough for acceptance by the other party?
Did we explore different variables in the negotiation?
Did we fully understand all proposals?
Did we give any unplanned concessions and did we check the importance of these?
Did we focus on common interests?
Did we ask a range of questions?
Did we get answers to all our questions?
Could we answer all the questions addressed to us in a proper and positive way?
Did we summarise effectively?
Did we use different methods of persuasion in the negotiations?
Which tactics did we use and what effect did they have?
Did our negotiating team work well as a team?
Did we help to create a co-operative atmosphere
NEW QUESTION 96
Which of the following are intangible values created by trust in business relationships? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Increasing response time to request
- B. Higher revenues
- C. More focus oncore business
- D. Positive feedbacks from customers
- E. Frequent conflict escalation
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
Explanation
Trust may create value as following:
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LO 1, AC 1.4
NEW QUESTION 97
A negotiation is coming to the end. Both parties haven't had any official commitments. Right before leaving the room, the buyer strongly disagrees with supplier's set up prices and requests a discount. The supplier doesn't reply but nods and smiles. Can the buyer consider these actions as an acceptance?
- A. No, because nodding and smiling are not clear signs of neither acceptance nor rejection
- B. No, because nodding and smiling are etiquette of polite rejection
- C. Yes, because negotiator should rely on non-verbal communications only
- D. Yes, because smiling shows supplier's readiness in signing the deal off
Answer: A
Explanation:
Good negotiators are attuned to all stimuli and not just the verbal and written information exchanged. Tone of voice, body language, facial expressions and other clues from TOP are noticed, and with experience and knowledge, interpreted correctly. This interpretation may also involve knowledge of culture norms and values.
A smile, a 'yes' and the type of hospitality received, (in thebusiness context), can mean very different things in different international business cultures.
Trained negotiators will consider non-verbal communication (such as nodding and smiling) and body language as one source of signal from TOP, but will rarely rely wholly on this as a guide to what TOP is thinking or feeling. Furthermore, international and regional cultural considerations must be included here to avoid errors in interpretation. Emotional intelligence also has an important role in forming a more holistic perspective of what TOP may be thinking or feeling.
NEW QUESTION 98
If the value of the British Pound in other currencies is strong, which of the following is most likely to occur?
- A. The price of UK products abroad in foreign currency will fall
- B. The price of UK products in the UK will fall
- C. The price of UK products in the UK will rise
- D. The price of UK products abroad in foreign currency will rise
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Currency exchange rates are determined bymacroeconomic factors and demand and supply. In general, countries with stable political and economic systems, a growing economy and a strong rule of law will have stronger and more stable currency than those without these characteristics. In this question, the British Pound is stronger than other currency, which means that buyers who import goods from the UK have to pay higher in their own currencies.
LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION 99
Which of the following should be done when undertaking a reflection activity on negotiation? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Gloss over areas where you need to improve your skills or performance
- B. Be honest and objective about your skills
- C. Identify areas in your skill set where you need to improve
- D. Be overly modest about your contribution to the outcomes of negotiation
- E. Use generalised or ambiguous language when describing your strengths and development areas
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
Giving positive group and individual feedback is easy, as is self-congratulation and, in many cases, it is hoped, this will be an accurate reflection on actual performance. When it comes to developmental or difficult feedback, it is only natural to want to move on and not reflect on the negative or developmental points, or why a negotiation did not achieve its objectives. But this is a mistake. The best learning opportunities come from reflection on what could be done better, and this can beachieved without blame, threat or condemnation.
Everyone and every team will make mistakes and/or have areas where they could have improved. Clearly, if every reflection session concludes that an individual or team keeps making the same mistake, then thereis a case to change roles or consider alternative approaches.
About Dos and Don'ts of reflection, you can refer here:
https://offices.depaul.edu/human-resources/employee-relations/Documents/Self%20Assesement.pdf
NEW QUESTION 100
Which of the following is the most appropriate approach to investors or shareholders who have high level of influence but low interest in the running of business?
- A. Keep these people inform through general communication media
- B. Manage them closely
- C. Engage and keep them satisfied
- D. Engage and consult with them regularly
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Investors or shareholders who have high level of influence but low interest belong to 'Keep satisfied' quadrant of Mendelow's Stakeholder Matrix.
You may read 2 versions from L4M1 and L4M5 here:
Table Description automatically generated
LO 1, AC 1.1
NEW QUESTION 101
Which of the following are rules of attentive listening? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Listen deliberately
- B. Do not interrupt when the other party is speaking
- C. Prepare for whatto say next
- D. Only focus on verbal cues
- E. React to the person who is speaking
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
Explanation
Hearing is passive but listening is active, and some people need to learn to be a good, attentive listener. The following rules of attentive listening will help you to become a successful negotiator:
* Be motivated to listen
* Be alert to non-verbal cues
* Do not interrupt the other party when they are speaking
* Fight off distractions
* Write everything down
* Listen with a goal in mind
* Give the other party your undivided attention
* React to the message, not the person
LO 3, AC 3.3
NEW QUESTION 102
In a negotiation for a new contract, the supplier suggests the buyer to shorten payment period from 45 days to
15 days because they are investing in new facilitiesto expand the supply capacity. The buyer replies that she can only sign off the deal if the payment period is 30 days or more since it often takes at least 30 days for her company to collect the payment from customers. A permission from senior managementis required for this suggestion. In order to ensure that supplier understands the matter, she reiterates it throughout the meeting.
Which tactics is she using?
1. Outrageous initial demand
2. Salami slicing
3. Lack of authority
4. Broken record
- A. 3 and 4 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 1 and 3only
- D. 2 and 4 only
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the scenario, the buyer states that permission from senior management is required to shorten payment period and she only has authority to sign off a deal in which thepayment period lasts at least 30 days. The buyer is using lack of authority. The buyer also repeats the matter again throughout the negotiation. This is a common tactic known as broken record.
NEW QUESTION 103
In which of the following costing methods, overhead costs are applied in proportion to production volume?
- A. Mark-up costing
- B. Absorption costing
- C. Marginal costing
- D. Activity-based costing
Answer: B
Explanation:
There are 3 major costing methods:
Marginal costing
* Uses marginal cost of producing addition units
* Uses variable cost to derived a unit cost (does not include fixed cost)
* Fixed cost treated as a 'period cost' and deducted, as a total amount, from total contribution to profit for the period, in the firm's profit and loss account Absorption costing
* Calculates total cost of producing product
* In addition to variable cost, a fair proportion of fixed cost is allocated to (absorbed) eachunit of output, as a fixed cost per unit Activity based costing
* Similar to absorption costing but with fixed cost allocated to products on the basis of the cost of activities used in producing them LO 2, AC 2.1
NEW QUESTION 104
Ma Bell was the sole provider of landline telephoneservice to most of the US in 1980s. This is an example of...?
- A. Monopolistic competition
- B. Monopsony
- C. Monopoly
- D. Perfect competition
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A monopoly exists when only one company can supply an essential product or service in a givenregion because of significant barriers to entry for any competitor. The barriers can be legal, regulatory, economic, or geographic. Ma Bell case is an example of monopoly. The company was broken up in 1982.
A monopsony is a market structure in which a single buyer substantially controls the market as the major purchaser of goods and services offered by many would-be sellers.
Pure or perfect competition is a theoretical market structure in which the following criteria are met:
- All firms sell an identical product (the product is a "commodity" or "homogeneous").
- All firms are price takers (they cannot influence the market price of their product).
- Market share has no influence on prices.
- Buyers have complete or "perfect" information-in the past, presentand future-about the product being sold and the prices charged by each firm.
- Resources for such a labor are perfectly mobile.
- Firms can enter or exit the market without cost.
Monopolistic competition characterizes an industry in which many firms offerproducts or services that are similar, but not perfect substitutes. Barriers to entry and exit in a monopolistic competitive industry are low, and the decisions of any one firm do not directly affect those of its competitors. Monopolistic competition is closely related to the business strategy of brand differentiation
NEW QUESTION 105
Katie is preparing a negotiation with a strategic supplier. Through deep market analysis, she realises that her company and the supplier have equal bargaining power. Via regular communication, Katie knows that both parties are arguing on amount of liquidated damages and neither party shall concede all of their requirements but some are negotiable. Katie and her counterpart from supplying company still desire a long-term relationship and hope that the meeting between them will be a solution for current situation. Which of the following isthe most appropriate approach that Katie should adopt to achieve the above outcome?
- A. Compromising approach
- B. Avoiding approach
- C. Competing approach
- D. Accommodating approach
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Competing is assertive anduncooperative, a power-oriented mode. When competing, an individual pursues his or her own concerns at the other person's expense, using whatever power seems appropriate to win his or her position. Competing might mean standing up for your rights, defending a position you believe is correct, or simply trying to win. Competing will not allow long-term relationship to flourish.
Compromising is intermediate in both assertiveness and cooperativeness. When compromising, the objective is to find an expedient, mutually acceptable solution that partially satisfies both parties. Compromising falls on a middle ground between competing and accommodating, giving up more than competing but less than accommodating. Likewise, it addresses an issue more directly than avoiding but doesn't explore it in as much depth as collaborating. Compromising might mean splitting the difference, exchanging concessions, or seeking a quick middle-ground position. It is a valid approach when long-term relationships are at stake and it is important to find some common ground on which to base an agreement. Both sides get something but not everything. Therefore, this is the most appropriate for this scenario.
Avoiding is unassertive and uncooperative. When avoiding, an individual does not immediately pursue his or her own concerns or those of the other person. He or she does not address the conflict. Avoiding might take the form of diplomatically sidestepping an issue, postponing an issue until a better time, or simply withdrawing from a threatening situation. In the scenario, both parties want to take the opportunity, then avoiding is not an appropriate solution.
Accommodating is unassertive and cooperative-the opposite of competing. When accommodating, an individual neglects his or her own concerns to satisfy the concerns of the other person; there is an element of self-sacrifice in this mode. Accommodating might take the form of selfless generosity or charity, obeying another person's order when you would prefer not to, or yielding to another'spoint of view. In the scenario, neither party shall concede all of their requirements, it is unnecessary to adopt this approach.
LO 1, AC 1.1
NEW QUESTION 106
SBL provides contract bathroom furniture and fittings for a wide variety of domestic and commercial clients.
To some suppliers, SBL spendclaims a large portion of their revenue. But SBL is famous for imposing draconian obligations on these suppliers. Which of the following is most likely to be overarching objective of these suppliers to SBL?
- A. Win and keep business with SBL at any costs, even without profits
- B. Drop the business with SBL immediately
- C. Hold on and keep SBL happy but make sure that the business is profitable
- D. Charge a higher price to compensate for all the pain SBL has put
Answer: D
Explanation:
According to Paul Steele's 'The Seller's Perspective', customer can be classified into 4 categories as below:
Chart, treemap chart Description automatically generated
In this scenario, although SBL's spend claims large portion in suppliers' revenues, their draconian treatment will reduce SBL's attractiveness in supplier's perspective.SBL falls into Exploit quadrant. With exploitable customers, suppliers tend to 'milk' the customer and charge a high price to compensate for all the pain customer put on them.
NEW QUESTION 107
JCB is a large manufacturer of heavy machinery. The CPO is going to a negotiation with a Chinese supplier about procuring some major components. He is wondering about balance of power in the negotiation. Which of the following micro factors are most likely to shift the balance of power towards the buying organisation in this commercial negotiation? Select TWO that apply
- A. These components are highly standardised
- B. JCB's switching costs are low
- C. Eruption of epidemic in supply market
- D. Suppliers are more concentrated than buyer
- E. Buyers purchase in small volumes
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
Explanation
There are many factors that can influence the balance of power in a negotiation. These factors are classified into 3 levels:
- Macro level: STEEPLE framework: social, technological, economic, environment, political, legal and ethical
- Micro level: Porter's five forces:
Diagram Description automatically generated
- One-to-one buyer-supplier dynamics.
The question asks about the micro factors that increases buyer's bargaining power. Among 5 answers, only 2 are likely to increase buyer'spower:
- JCB's switching costs are low: Buyer may easily switch its suppliers anytime
- These components are highly standardised: The products are not different any more, buyer may choose to buy from any supplier available.
Other answers cannot be correctbecause:
- Suppliers are more concentrated than buyer: Suppliers are forming oligopoly market, their bargaining power tend to be greater.
- Eruption of epidemic in supply market: this is a macro factor. Eruption of epidemic may cause factories closed and disruptions on supply chain.
- Buyers purchase in small volumes: Buyer will be seen as less potential to suppliers. Buying organisation may have difficulties to deal better price with suppliers.
LO 1, AC 1.3
NEW QUESTION 108
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