[2025] Pass CIPS L4M2 Premium Files Test Engine pdf - Free Dumps Collection
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CIPS L4M2 Exam covers a range of topics including procurement strategy development, market analysis, stakeholder management, risk management, and contract management. It is a comprehensive exam that requires candidates to have a deep understanding of the procurement process and the ability to apply this knowledge to real-world scenarios. Successful completion of L4M2 exam demonstrates that a candidate has the necessary knowledge and skills to develop effective procurement strategies that align with the business needs of an organization.
NEW QUESTION # 90
Which of the following is the disadvantage of embedding standards in a specification?
- A. Embedding standards into specification requires enormous time and effort
- B. Standards are too static and discourage innovation
- C. Standards do not improving buyer's bargaining power
- D. Standards are too flexible and may cause ambiguity in the specification
Answer: B
Explanation:
"Standards are often produced by professional bodies (maybe national or international bodies). Standards tend to be stable for a period of time, therefore, they are likely to be static and discourage innovation." Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1
NEW QUESTION # 91
The position of a product in its life cycle can affect the price that suppliers set. Is this statement correct?
- A. No, customer's perception of value is the ultimate determinant of the suppliers' price
- B. Yes, each stage in product life cycle requires different levels of investment in promotion and distribution
- C. No, in market economy, the state decides the price of all goods and services
- D. Yes, it is always the only factor determining the price
Answer: B
Explanation:
A firm also has to look at a myriad of other factors before setting its prices. Those factors include the offering' s costs, the demand, the customers whose needs it is designed to meet, the external environment-such as the competition, the economy, and government regulations-and other aspects of the marketing mix, such as the nature of the offering, the current stage of its product life cycle, and its promotion and distribution. If a company plans to sell its products or services in international markets, research on the factors for each market must be analyzed before setting prices. Organizations must understand buyers, competitors, the economic conditions, and political regulations in other markets before they can compete successfully.
[...]
The costs of the product-its inputs-including the amount spent on product development, testing, and packaging required have to be taken into account when a pricing decision is made. So do the costs related to promotion and distribution. For example, when a new offering is launched, its promotion costs can be very high because people need to be made aware that it exists. Thus, the offering's stage in the product life cycle can affect its price.
NEW QUESTION # 92
What is the output of regression analysis?
- A. Forecasting process
- B. Dependent variables
- C. Independent variables
- D. Line of best fit
Answer: D
Explanation:
Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis.
To perform a regression analysis, a statistician collects a set of data points, each including a com-plete set of dependent and independent variables. For example, the dependent variable could be a firm's stock price and the independent variables could be the Standard and Poor's 500 index and the national unemployment rate, assuming that the stock is not listed in the S&P 500. The sample set could be each of these three data sets for the past 20 years.
On a chart, these data points would appear as scatter plot, a set of points that may or may not appear to be organized along any line. If a linear pattern is apparent, it may be possible to sketch a line of best fit that minimizes the distance of those points from that line. If no organizing axis is visually apparent, regression analysis can generate a line based on the least squares method. This method builds the line which minimizes the squared distance of each point from the line of best fit.
Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis.
NEW QUESTION # 93
Which of these have a negative effect on cash flow?
* A supplier reduces its payment terms
* The bank grants a loan to the company
* A customer agrees to pay upon purchase
* An increase in the amount of stock held
- A. 1 and 4 only
- B. 2 and 4 only
- C. 2 and 3 only
- D. 3 and 4 only
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 94
Category buyer Raheem has been tasked with receiving innovative bids from coaching and development service providers. How can he achieve this? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Use an outcome-based specification
- B. Invite a small group of suppliers
- C. Apply early supplier involvement
- D. Use a conformance-based specification
- E. Apply standards within the specification
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Detailed Explanation:
* A (Early supplier involvement): Engaging suppliers early fosters innovation by leveraging their expertise in developing solutions.
* D (Outcome-based specification): Focusing on outcomes rather than rigid inputs encourages creative and flexible proposals.Conformance specifications (C) restrict innovation, and standards (E) limit supplier flexibility. Reference: CIPS Level 4, Innovation in Procurement Specifications.
NEW QUESTION # 95
It could be argued that wherever possible, specifications should be more output and outcome focused. Why is this?
- A. To reduce the number of options available
- B. To allow as many suppliers as possible to respond
- C. So that they can be amended easily after contract award
- D. So that a specific branded product is provided
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 96
British Steel needs to source a set of instruments that will improve quality of steel. Without these instruments British Steel will loss control of the temperature. The bucket may freeze up, or if it is too hot it leaks out of the casting process, damaging the machine. There is limited supply on the market and quality varies greatly.
Which of the following will be the most appropriate managing approach to procure these items?
- A. Seek continuity of supply
- B. Leverage market competition to drive down cost
- C. Bundle these instruments into larger contract
- D. Form partnership with supplier
Answer: D
Explanation:
The instrument plays a crucial role in steel manufacturing because it presents in the majority of products, in which case lacking this instrument would have significant impact on the organisation's output (production lines stop or damaging other machine). Otherwise, the risk of supply is high because there is limitation in supply. Therefore, it is considered as a strategic item in term of Kraljic's portfolio matrix. Procurement manager should form partnership with suppliers to maximise the value.
The following graph illustrates Kraljic's portfolio matrix:
NEW QUESTION # 97
Due to the growth of consumer electronics market, semiconductor industry develops exponentially. However, the industry is dominated by a dozens of manufacturer. Chipset need to be built in factories with highly controlled environments. New chip factories cost billions of dollars and can take two years to build. Right now, factories are running at full capacity, which produce almost perfect yields, meaning basic chipset can be made for less than a dollar and more advanced versions for not much more. What are the barriers to new entrants in the semiconductor industry?
1. Poor industry growth
2. High set-up costs
3. Economies of scale
4. Low switching costs
- A. 2 and 4 only
- B. 2 and 3 only
- C. 1 and 4 only
- D. 3 and 4 only
Answer: B
Explanation:
Barriers to entry is an economics and business term describing factors that can prevent or impede newcomers into a market or industry sector, and so limit competition. The most obvious barriers to entry are high start-up costs and regulatory hurdles which include the need for new companies to obtain licenses or regulatory clearance before operation. Also, industries heavily regulated by the government are usually the most difficult to penetrate. Other forms of barrier to entry that prevent new competitors from easily entering a business sector include special tax benefits to existing firms, patent protections, strong brand identity, customer loyalty, and high customer switching costs.
In the scenario, the new factory for chipset manufacturing costs billions of dollars, which indicates high set-up costs. Also, the incumbent manufacturers have reached economies of scale, allowing them to produce the components at optimal price.
The above descriptions are compiled from recent reports on current chip shortage (2021).
NEW QUESTION # 98
Which of these are variable costs?
* Staff overtime
* Premises costs
* Insurance costs
* Material costs
- A. 2 and 3
- B. 1 and 4
- C. 3 and 4
- D. 1 and 2
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 99
XYZ Ltd is the largest consumer of brass in the country. It consumes 48% of all brass manufactured, while the second-largest consumes less than 10% of brass manufactured. Which force or power does XYZ Ltd possess?
- A. Market rivalry force
- B. Buyer bargaining power
- C. Threat of substitute force
- D. Supplier bargaining power
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 100
Which competitive forces influence markets in our modern environment?
- A. Increased cost in supply and deliveries
- B. Manufacturing of goods and services
- C. Production companies and relationships
- D. Bargaining strength of suppliers and buyers
Answer: D
Explanation:
Detailed Explanation:The bargaining strength of suppliers and buyers is a key factor influencing market competitiveness, as outlined in frameworks like Porter's Five Forces. These forces dictate pricing, supply availability, and value delivery. Reference: CIPS Level 4, Market Analysis and Competitive Forces.
NEW QUESTION # 101
Which of the following may allow suppliers free to choose the materials, manufacturing process or delivery process?
- A. Conformance specification
- B. Design specification
- C. Technical specifications
- D. Performance specification
Answer: D
Explanation:
The Performance Specifications define what the system being designed must do, and not how it must do it. In this step a list of needs and wants should be created. The needs are customer requirements, while the wants are engineering desires. If a buyer adopts performance specification, the supplier will be free to choose how to make and deliver the product.
A technical specification document outlines how you're going to address a technical problem by designing and building a solution for it.
A design specification is a detailed document providing a list of points regarding a product or pro-cess. For example, the design specification could include required dimensions, environmental fac-tors, ergonomic factors, aesthetic factors, maintenance that will be needed, etc. It may also give specific examples of how the design should be executed, helping others work properly (a guideline for what the person should do).
With conformance specification the buyer says what they want and how they want it and the supplier has to meet this Reference:
LO3, AC 3.1
NEW QUESTION # 102
Which of the following is a challenge of making a business case for straight re-buys?
- A. Effective inventory control
- B. Terms and conditions
- C. Research of procurement process
- D. Identifying suitable suppliers
Answer: A
Explanation:
For straight re-buy, the specifications for the products are known. Generally, there will be an existing contract with supplier in place. The business need is challenged annually, only on the annual demand. So effective inventory control will help procurement successfully manage straight re-buy.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.1
NEW QUESTION # 103
When procuring a machinery, at which stage buyer must check whether it is working to the stand-ards set out in the design specification?
- A. Maintenance and repair activities
- B. Customer support
- C. Manufacture
- D. Installation
Answer: D
Explanation:
Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
Diagram, table Description automatically generated
Source: Andrew Graves
The installation stage occurs in In-Service Operations. At this stage, the machinery is shipped and installed on the buyer's premises and check to ensure that it is working to the standards set out in the design specification.
NEW QUESTION # 104
OMK is a Russian steel firm that is expanding market abroad. It plans to build a steel plant in a foreign country. Due to intricate technical requirements, the plant design will be very complex. Procurement department or technical department alone cannot draft the specification. OMK senior management decides that this task must be treated as a project. Which of the following should be done before writing the specification for new steel plant?
- A. Draft the terms and conditions for plant construction contract
- B. Develop the performance framework for the supplier
- C. Develop project initial document
- D. Invite suppliers to the tendering process
Answer: C
Explanation:
The writing of a complex specification should be treated as a project because it requires the brain power from different stakeholders. Many tools and processes of project management can be applied to complex specification development. Before engaging with the stakeholders and implementing the project, the project initial document should developed.
A Project Initiation Document (PID) is one of the most important components of project manage-ment, which forms the foundation for a company project. It is a reference point during the entire project, for the client as well as for the project team.
A PID bundles documentation into a logical reference work that collects all important information needed to start and run a project from a good foundation. After that, Project Initiation Document must be transferred to all stakeholders, including business sponsors.
This forms the basis for the project management. The documentation from which the PID is com-posed include the business case in which the project's justification can be found, the communica-tion plan and the project plan.
The PID is composed out of collected information and includes, among others, the following com-ponents:
- Project goal(s); what do you want to achieve with the project?
- Project size; how large is the project, how long does it take and how many people are involved?
- Project organisation; who are involved in the project, what are their tasks, responsibilities and authority?
- Limits and risks; what can cause a project to stagnate and are there risks related to the project?
- Stakeholders; who has a stake in the success of the project?
- Project checks and frame reporting; by carefully taking into account evaluation moments, it is clear to everyone what sample tests can be carried out during the process.
In addition, it is important that the Project Initiation Document also contains the following infor-mation:
- The background and occasion of the project, which together provide information about the con-text.
- The project organisational structure, which describes who has which management responsibility in the project.
- The project quality plan, describing who controls the quality of the products to be delivered and how it will take place.
- The total project planning, including the duration of all activities.
- The exception process, which describes how exceptions are dealt with and the steps of the escalation procedure.
- The risk log, including the measures that will be taken when there are unforeseen risks.
- The documentation structure of the project, in which the encoding and storage of all documents and products to be provided by the project has been recorded in advance.
NEW QUESTION # 105
At which stage of through-life contract management, procurement team needs to identify sources of risk and the ways to mitigate them?
- A. Supplier relationship stage
- B. Specification stage
- C. Tendering stage
- D. Contracting stage
Answer: A
Explanation:
Risk management has become incredibly complex, especially for capital purchase which requires through-life contract. Any source of risks should be identified and closely managed from the specification stage.
There should be sufficient information in the specification to minimise risks later in the through-life contract. Here is something to consider:
- Make sure the parties to the contract are clearly identified. This is particularly important if a prime contractor is being used. Allow them to subcontract elements of the specification.
- Clearly identify any testing and quality assurance procedures and who will perform them.
- Document every important aspect of the specification including a project plan
- Include a reasonable limitation of liability clause in the contract and reference it in the specifica-tion
- Identify any guarantees that are needed
- Be clear on what insurance will and will not cover
- Make sure there is clear audit trail of any changes to the specification together with approvals LO 3, AC 3.2
NEW QUESTION # 106
Which of the following can cause overhead variance? Select TWO that apply:
- A. Rising production worker's wage rate per hour
- B. Decrease in production volume
- C. Spike in monthly leasing fee
- D. Decreasing packaging costs
- E. Spike in material price
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
Overhead variances arise when the actual overhead costs incurred differ from the expected amounts. Managers want to understand the reasons for these differences, and so should consider computing one or more of the overhead variances described below. Each of these variances applies to a different aspect of overhead expenditures. It is not necessary to calculate these variances when a manager cannot influence their outcome.
Fixed Overhead Spending Variance
The fixed overhead spending variance is the difference between the actual fixed overhead expense incurred and the budgeted fixed overhead expense. An unfavorable variance means that actual fixed overhead expenses were greater than anticipated. The formula for this variance is:
Actual fixed overhead - Budgeted fixed overhead = Fixed overhead spending variance The amount of expense related to fixed overhead should (as the name implies) be relatively fixed, and so the fixed overhead spending variance should not theoretically vary much from the budget.
Fixed Overhead Volume Variance
The fixed overhead volume variance is the difference between the amount of fixed overhead actually applied to produced goods based on production volume, and the amount that was budgeted to be applied to produced goods. For example, a company budgets for the allocation of $25,000 of fixed overhead costs to produced goods at the rate of $50 per unit produced, with the expectation that 500 units will be produced. However, the actual number of units produced is 600, so a total of $30,000 of fixed overhead costs are allocated. This creates a fixed overhead volume variance of $5,000.
Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance
The variable overhead efficiency variance is the difference between the actual and budgeted hours worked, which are then applied to the standard variable overhead rate per hour. The formula is:
Standard overhead rate x (Actual hours - Standard hours)
= Variable overhead efficiency variance
A favorable variance means that the actual hours worked were less than the budgeted hours, resulting in the application of the standard overhead rate across fewer hours, resulting in less expense being incurred. However, a favorable variance does not necessarily mean that a company has incurred less actual overhead, it simply means that there was an improvement in the allocation base what was used to apply overhead.
Variable Overhead Spending Variance
The variable overhead spending variance is the difference between the actual and budgeted rates of spending on variable overhead. The variance is used to focus attention on those overhead costs that vary from expectations. The formula is:
Actual hours worked x (Actual overhead rate - standard overhead rate)
= Variable overhead spending variance
A favorable variance means that the actual variable overhead expenses incurred per labor hour were less than expected.
In the study guide, CIPS splits overhead variance into volume and expenditure variance. They can be understood as variable and fixed overhead variance respectively.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 59
- What are overhead variances? - AccountingTools
LO 1, AC 1.4
NEW QUESTION # 107
James Hunter has received a price increase request from a supplier with its justification. The supplier has requested the price increase because there has been an increase in staff sickness absence. James has reviewed the original contract and found a buyer provision for 'risk for additional resource.' This is the first year the supplier has experienced a resource issue. What should James do?
- A. Reject the price increase
- B. Review the request in three months
- C. Accept the price increase
- D. Request additional budget
Answer: A
Explanation:
Detailed Explanation:Given that the provision for 'risk for additional resource' exists and this is the first occurrence, James should reject the price increase as the supplier should account for these risks in their pricing. Reference: CIPS Level 4, Contract Management and Cost Control.
NEW QUESTION # 108
This is the information on an organisation's activities over the past year
* Sale were $5,000,000. The value of accounts receivable was $450,000 at the start of the year and $525,000 at the end of the year
* The value of direct costs was $2,500,000 and 75% of this was bought on credit
* Indirect costs were $3,000,000 and 25% of this was bought on credit
* During the year the organization spent $1,500,000 on new assets and sold $150,000 of old assets.
$1,000,000 of the spend on assets was funded by a bank loan
* The organization declared a dividend of $200,000 at the end of the year but this was not paid for another two months
* Opening balance was $175,000
Which of the following is the bank balance of that organization at the end of the year?
- A. $1,875,000
- B. $2,025,000
- C. $1,700,000
- D. $1,675,000
Answer: A
Explanation:
In this question, you should understand the concept of cash flow and formula of cash flow. Cash flow calculates the physical money moving in and out a company's bank balance. The cash flow from sale activity is:
cash flow from sale = account receivable at beginning of the year + revenue - account receivable at the end of the year = $450,000 + $5,000,000 - $525,000 = $4,925,000
75% of direct costs was bought by credit, therefore, the company spent 25% on direct cost: -$2,500,000*25
/100 = -$625,000
25% of indirect costs was bought on credit. Cash flow out on indirect costs is: -$3,000,000*75/100 =
-$2,250,000
Company spent $1,500,000 on new assets funded by a loan of $1,000,000. Cash flow out from this activity is
-$500,000
Company received $150,000 from selling old assets
Dividends have not been paid for another 2 months, thus, they are not accounted as cash flow out.
The bank balance at the end of the year is: $175,000 + $4,925,000 - $625,000 - $2,250,000 - $500,000 +
$150,000 = $1,875,000
LO 1, AC 1.4
NEW QUESTION # 109
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CIPS L4M2 (Defining Business Needs) exam is an essential certification for any procurement professional who wants to develop their skills and advance their career. With a comprehensive curriculum and a focus on practical skills, L4M2 exam provides professionals with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed in their roles and make a significant impact on their organizations.
Updated Official licence for L4M2 Certified by L4M2 Dumps PDF: https://braindumps2go.actualpdf.com/L4M2-real-questions.html
